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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(3): 819-824, jun. 2023.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1514289

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The spread of the idea that the human body should be learned from cadavers, especially under the leadership of Vesalius, and the strong support of this idea among surgeons and medical students of that period, led to the emergence of anatomy theatres, particularly in the rich centres of Western Europe. Anatomy theatres have become prestigious places that make contributions to financial income for the cities they are located in. They have contributed to the importance of universities with the students they attract. Anatomy has become a more visual and international science because of the spread of anatomical drawings in scientific medical books, the newly invented printing press making it easier to print more books and the increasing interest of the people of the period. Learning medicine has become easier with the spread of visual anatomy books and cadaver studies. Cadaver studies and anatomy theatres, which started to become widespread under the leadership of brave science warriors such as Vesalius, who lived in the Renaissance period, became the subject of the paintings of painters of the period such as Rembrandt under the name anatomy activities. It is beneficial and necessary for society to keep in memory what this period brought to the world of anatomy and the present with its historical processes.


La difusión de la idea de que el cuerpo humano se debe aprender a partir de cadáveres, especialmente bajo el liderazgo de Vesalius, y el fuerte apoyo de esta idea entre los cirujanos y estudiantes de medicina de ese período, condujo al surgimiento de las salas de anatomía, particularmente en los ricos centros de Europa Occidental. Las salas de anatomía se han convertido en lugares de prestigio que contribuyen a los ingresos económicos de las ciudades en las que están ubicados y han contribuido a la importancia de las universidades con los estudiantes que atraen. La anatomía se ha convertido en una ciencia más visual e internacional debido a la difusión de los dibujos anatómicos en los libros médicos científicos, la imprenta recién inventada que facilita la impresión de libros y el creciente interés de la gente de la época. Aprender medicina se ha vuelto más fácil con la difusión de libros de anatomía visual y estudios de cadáveres. Los estudios de cadáveres y las salas de anatomía, que comenzaron a generalizarse bajo el liderazgo de valientes guerreros de la ciencia como Vesalius, que vivió en el Renacimiento, se convirtieron en el tema de las pinturas de artistas de la época como Rembrandt bajo el nombre de actividades de anatomía. Es beneficioso y necesario que la sociedad guarde en la memoria lo que este período trajo al mundo de la anatomía y el presente con sus procesos históricos.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , Anatomy/education , Anatomy/history , Cadaver , Dissection/education , Dissection/history , Europe, Eastern
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(6): 1787-1790, dic. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385555

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: In the western surgical tradition there has been little acknowledgement of the ancient Vedic surgeon Sushruta who initiated many aspects of surgical practice. In his compendium the Sushruta Samhita, Sushruta systematised medicine in various areas. His meticulous knowledge in many branches of medicine is evident. A brilliant surgeon, he developed plastic surgical techniques, types of bandaging, hygiene practices and over one hundred surgical instruments. In this article, I focus on Sushruta's ideas on human dissection as a pre-requisite for surgery, his method of preparation of human cadavers and his anatomical pedagogy. Sushruta pioneered the instruction of cadaveric based anatomical learning which is still being used in medical teaching.


RESUMEN: En la tradición quirúrgica occidental existe escaso reconocimiento del antiguo cirujano védico Sushruta, quien inició muchos aspectos de la práctica quirúrgica. En su compen-dio, el Sushruta Samhita, Sushruta sistematizó la medicina en varias áreas. Es evidente su meticuloso conocimiento en muchas ramas de la medicina. Cirujano brillante, desarrolló técnicas de cirugía plástica, tipos de vendajes, prácticas de higiene y más de cien instrumentos quirúrgicos. El enfoque de este artículo se centra en las ideas de Sushruta sobre la disección humana como requisito previo para la cirugía, su método de preparación de cadáveres humanos y su pedagogía anatómica. Sushruta fue pionero en la instrucción del aprendizaje anatómico basado en cadáveres que todavía se utiliza en la enseñanza médica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dissection/education , Anatomy/education , Surgical Procedures, Operative/education , Cadaver , Classification , Human Body , Dissection/history , Anatomy/history , India
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(1): 143-150, feb. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385306

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: En Chile, los primeros antecedentes de la enseñanza de la anatomía aparecen en el siglo XVI, para proveer conocimientos a los profesionales sanitarios que ejercían en el territorio. En 1704, el Papa Sixto IV permite la práctica de la disección, encabezada por el alcalde de la ciudad y en donde se invitaba a médicos y cirujanos. Posteriormente, la enseñanza exclusivamente teórica de la medicina en la Universidad Real de San Felipe estimuló a los profesores a enseñarla clínica y la anatomía en forma práctica para complementar las clases expositivas. La Independencia de Chile, determinó que las carreras universitarias sufrieran cambios curriculares importantes, aunque en medicina y anatomía, su desarrollo fue lento y tortuoso. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las prácticas de la disección anatómica en la formación de médicos en Chile durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 1704y 1889. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en libros de historia de Chile, de historia de la medicina chilena y artículos científicos relacionados al tema, esto nos permitió describir los inicios, desarrollo y características de la práctica de la disección utilizada en la formación de médicos en el periodo en cuestión. El análisis de los resultados nos permitió identificar 5 etapas distintas entre sí, fuertemente influidas por su contexto histórico y diferenciadas por el enfoque que les infundieron los profesores de cada una de estas etapas, que definieron una bibliografía, una orientación y una práctica de la disección en función de las formaciones académicas de cada uno de ellos. Este trabajo, permitió ordenar y exponer información valiosa para la historia de la medicina en Chile, y muy importante, comprender las prácticas educativas que se llevaron a cabo en la formación de estos profesionales que tuvieron un rol preponderante en el proceso de establecimiento de la naciente nación.


SUMMARY: In Chile, the first teachings of anatomy were carried out in the XVI century, to develop the knowledge of health profesionals practicing in the country. In 1704, Pope Sixtus IV allowed the practice of dissection, led by city's mayor of the city and where doctors and surgeons were invited. Subsequently, the exclusively theoretical teaching of medicine at the Real Universidad de San Felipe encouraged teachers to teach anatomy in clinical and practical ways to complement the lectures. Independence of Chile, found that university careers suffer major curricular changes, although in medicine and anatomy, development was slow and tortuous. The aim of this study was to describe the practice of anatomical dissection in training doctors in Chile during the period between 1700 and 1889. A literature review was conducted in scientific articles related to the subject and books on the history of Chile and the history of Chilean medicine. This allowed us to describe the beginnings, development and characteristics of the dissection practice used in the training of physicians in the period in question. The analysis of the results allowed us to identify 5 different stages, strongly influenced by their historical context and differentiated by the approach used by the teachers of each of these stages, who defined a bibliography, an orientation and a dissection practice. In turn, the focus of each teacher was based on the academic training of each of them. This work allowed ordering and exposing valuable information for the history of medicine in Chile, as well as understanding the educational practices that were carried out in the training of these professionals who had a critical role in the process of this developing nation.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Dissection/history , History of Medicine , Anatomy/history , Chile
5.
Rev. Asoc. Méd. Argent ; 132(1): 33-35, Mar. 2019. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1010027

ABSTRACT

Leonardo Da Vinci fue autor de ilustraciones científicas. Se lo considera un pionero en el estudio de la anatomía humana en el siglo XV. Sus dibujos elevan la disección al nivel de una obra de arte. (AU)


Leonardo was author of scientific illustrates. He was a Pioneer in anatomy human study in the XV century. His drawing elevated the dissection to a level of art work. (AU)


Subject(s)
History, 15th Century , Famous Persons , Anatomy/history , Anatomy, Artistic , History, Early Modern 1451-1600 , Dissection/history
6.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 35(5): 595-600, 2018. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-978075

ABSTRACT

Resumen La infección cadavérica es una entidad nosológica poco conocida y que afectaba a los disectores en la práctica y enseñanza de la anatomía. La disección de cadáveres supone riesgos como la ocurrencia de heridas corto-punzantes causantes de infecciones e incluso la muerte asociadas a la manipulación de los mismos. La presente investigación nace por el relato sobre un alumno herido en el pabellón de disección en 1937 en el Instituto de Anatomía de la Universidad de Chile. Se indagaron los antecedentes históricos asociados al fallecimiento de alumnos en la práctica habitual con cadáveres, a través de escritos y relatos desde los inicios de la docencia anatómica en Chile, en 1833. Se relatan las condiciones que han modificado la epidemiología de esta afección, según los avances médicos. Por lo anterior, se concluye que la designación de un disector, el uso de productos desinfectantes y guantes, además del avance en el uso de productos de conservación cadavérica han disminuido drásticamente el riesgo biológico de adquirir alguna infección por el contacto con cadáveres para disección de uso docente.


Cadaverous infection is a little-known nosological entity that affected the dissectors in the practice and teaching of anatomy, since working on the dissection of cadavers entails risks in relation to the occurrence of sharps injuries that produce infections and even death associated with the manipulation of them. The present investigation is motivated by a story about a student who was injured in the dissemination ward in 1937 at the Institute of Anatomy of the U. of Chile. Historical background is investigated associated to the death of students in the usual practice with cadavers through writings and stories since the beginning of the anatomical teaching in Chile since 1833, identifying the conditioning factors that modify the epidemiology of this condition according to medical advances. Therefore, it is concluded that the designation of a dissector, the use of disinfectants and gloves, as well as the advance in the use of cadaveric preservation products, drastically reduce the biological risk of acquiring an infection known as cadaverous in the permanent contact of the students with cadaverous material for dissection of teacher use.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Students, Medical/history , Cadaver , Communicable Diseases/transmission , Dissection/history , Anatomy/history , Occupational Diseases/mortality , Chile , Dissection/education , Anatomy/education
7.
J. vasc. bras ; 15(3): 250-253, jul.-set. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-797963

ABSTRACT

Abstract The obturator artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery, although there are reports documenting variations, with origin from neighboring vessels such as the common iliac and external iliac arteries or from any branch of the internal iliac artery. It normally runs anteroinferiorly along the lateral wall of the pelvis to the upper part of the obturator foramen where it exits the pelvis by passing through said foramen. Along its course, the artery is accompanied by the obturator nerve and one obturator vein. It supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh and anastomoses with branches of the femoral artery on the hip joint. We report a rare arterial variation in a Brazilian cadaver in which the obturator artery arose from the external iliac artery, passing beyond the external iliac vein toward the obturator foramen, and was accompanied by two obturator veins with distinct paths. We also discuss its clinical significance.


Resumo A artéria obturatória é um ramo da artéria ilíaca interna, embora haja grande variabilidade a respeito de sua origem, pois tal vaso pode surgir de diversas artérias vizinhas, como a artéria ilíaca comum e a artéria ilíaca externa, assim de como qualquer ramo da artéria ilíaca interna. Normalmente, a artéria obturatória corre anteroinferiormente pela parede lateral da pelve até a porção superior do forame obturatório, ponto em que sai da pelve. No seu trajeto, a artéria é acompanhada pelo nervo e veia obturatórios. Ela supre os músculos do compartimento medial da coxa e possui anastomoses com ramos da artéria femoral na articulação do quadril e coxa. Este trabalho visa relatar e discutir os aspectos clínicos de uma variação incomum na artéria obturatória, na qual ela se origina da artéria ilíaca externa acompanhada de duas veias obturatórias com trajetos distintos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Dissection/history , Iliac Artery/anatomy & histology , Iliac Artery/diagnostic imaging , Cadaver
10.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(2): 607-612, jun. 2012.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-651838

ABSTRACT

Anatomy is the science that studies the body and a basic discipline in health and biological sciences indispensable to students that study this area, and plays a important role in the comparison of species. Nowadays anatomy is falling into academic and scientific crisis. Recently, the number of papers and reviews on health science education have increased considerably. Pre-clinical disciplines are essential for all health and biological science courses; among them anatomy is considered to be the basis of morphological sciences. For that reason, throughout history, this discipline has been viewed as a factual knowledge base that must be learned in its entirety. History of anatomy demonstrated that teaching in this area is facilitated by the use of dissection of both animal and human disciplines. In absence of human cadavers, it is possible to use animals for dissection for the benefits of students. The aim of this paper is to serve as a reminder to understand that anatomy is the basis of current health science and to realize what is important in the teaching of anatomy. It is also important to learn anatomy since researchers sometimes draw wrong conclusion because of lack of anatomical knowledge.


La anatomía es la ciencia que estudia el cuerpo y una disciplina básica en ciencias de la salud y biológicas, indispensables para los estudiantes que tratan esta materia, teniendo además, un importante papel en la comparación de las especies. Actualmente, la anatomía está en una crisis académica y científica. Por otra parte, recientemente, el número de artículos y revisiones en la educación en ciencias de la salud han aumentado considerablemente. Las disciplinas pre-clínicas son esenciales para todos los cursos de salud y ciencias biológicas, entre ellas, la anatomía es considerada como la base de las ciencias morfológicas. Por esa razón, a lo largo de la historia, la anatomía ha sido considerada como una base de conocimiento de los hechos que deben ser aprendidas en su totalidad. La historia de la anatomía ha demostrado que la enseñanza en esta área se ve facilitada por el uso de la disección de animales. En ausencia de cadáveres humanos, es posible utilizar los animales para la disección, generando así beneficios para los estudiantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue recordar el pasado para entender que la anatomía es la base de la ciencia de la salud actual y darse cuenta de la importancia de la enseñanza de esta disciplina. Finalmente, es importante recordar que los investigadores algunas veces han llegado a conclusiones erróneas debido a la falta de conocimiento sobre temas anatómicos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anatomy/education , Anatomy/history , Cebus , Dissection/history , Cadaver , Dissection/methods , Teaching/history
12.
J Indian Med Assoc ; 2006 Jun; 104(6): 331-3
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-99403

ABSTRACT

The concept of dissection for acquiring knowledge about the structure of human body was started in 15th century and barber--surgeons used to demonstrate various structures at the professors command. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) was the first medical student to dissect the cadaver and also continued with it even as a professor. Slowly and steadily its importance was realised. Once autopsy was accepted as a ideal parameter to establish the causes of death, the importance of dissection got enhanced. Cadavers were obtained earlier from the grave robbings and mortuaries, which was followed by, an Anatomy Act of 1832, by which unclaimed bodies were provided to the anatomy department. For last two decades, many persons started donating their bodies to the department of anatomy. In India, mostly unclaimed bodies are handed over to anatomy department for teaching and research purpose. Cadavers teach students during 1st professional course, autopsy teaches again in IInd and IIIrd professional courses and even later on throughout the career. Dissection helps in developing a spatial and tactile appreciation for the fabric of the human body that cannot be achieved by prosection or computerised learning aids alone.


Subject(s)
Anatomy/education , Barber Surgeons/history , Cadaver , Dissection/history , Education, Medical/history , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans
13.
Rev. bras. cir. cardiovasc ; 17(3): 201-207, jul.-set. 2002. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-348578

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a circulação extracorpórea através de canulação da artéria subclávia direita por meio de incisão supraclavicular. MÉTODO: Foram estudados, no período de outubro de 2001 a março de 2002, quatro pacientes com diagnóstico de dissecção aguda de aorta tipo A de Stanford, sendo realizada em todos os casos canulação da artéria subclávia direita por via supraclavicular e realização de perfusão cerebral anterógrada durante o período de parada circulatória total. RESULTADOS: A artéria subclávia direita foi canulada diretamente e não houve nenhuma complicação neurovascular relacionada ao procedimento. A circulação extracorpórea foi mantida com fluxo adequado durante toda a operação. Houve 1 óbito hospitalar, não relacionado ao procedimento. DISCUSSÃO: Um dos passos mais importantes na melhora dos resultados operatórios é a perfusão sistêmica anterógrada, realizada através do sistema arterial e a subclávia para isso permite a perfusão da luz verdadeira. A abordagem supraclavicular nos proporciona um campo operatório adequado e facilidade para a realização da perfusão cerebral anterógrada que também é importante neste arsenal para uma redução da mortalidade operatória. CONCLUSÃO: A incisão supraclavicular nos proporciona um acesso factível com boa exposição da artéria subclávia direita em uma região em que ela apresenta um bom calibre e com poucas estruturas adjacentes que poderiam ser lesadas. Além disso, possibilita a canulação de forma direta e com boa posição da cânula arterial


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aortic Diseases/surgery , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Subclavian Artery/surgery , Catheterization/mortality , Dissection/adverse effects , Dissection/history , Dissection/methods , Aortic Valve Insufficiency , Chest Pain , Extracorporeal Circulation , Femoral Artery , Perfusion , Pericardial Effusion , Time Factors
14.
Patología ; 35(1): 13-21, ene.-mar. 1997. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-214316

ABSTRACT

La legitimación de la disección y la autopsia del cuerpo humano se inició aparentemente en Europa desde el siglo XIV, con fines educativos y en el contexto universitario. Para inicios del siglo XVI las cátedras de anatomía en universidades europeas, incluyendo las de Valladolid y Salamanca estaban ya definidas y se incluía la práctica de disecciones, con permisos y garantías reales. En la Universidad de México, inicialmente con estatutos semejantes a los de Salamanca, no está claro si fueron realizadas regularmente disecciones durante el siglo XVI. Desde los inicios del siglo XVII y con legilaslación más específica, muy especialmente con las constituciones de Juan Palafox ratificadas en 1649, donde se norma la práctica de disecciones anatómicas con fines didácticos, se inicia esta actividad con más formalidad y documentación. Se señala la ausencia de reglamentación en estos siglos para la realización de autopsias con intención de aclarar la causa de muerte. Durante esta época eran realizadas por indicación directa de las autoridades virreinales ante epidemias o a personajes ilustres de la época según se describe en este trabajo, ocasionalmente con correlación anatomoclínica. A mediados del XVII se reconocen registros de las primeras autopsias, dentro del marco universitario, con enfoque anatomopatológico. La legislación universitaria y mejor organización de las disecciones anatómicas facilitó de igual manera la realización de las primeras autopsias médicas en un contexto universitario


Subject(s)
Autopsy/history , Dissection/history , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , Mexico , Pathology/history
15.
Korean Journal of Medical History ; : 208-219, 1994.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-18958

ABSTRACT

Japan received the Western medicine through Portuguese, Spanish and Netherlanders. Especially Netherlanders established House of Trade in Nagasaki. Doctors from their homeland stayed there for several years for the health care of their tradesmen, and taught Japanese Western medicine (mainly surgery). By them Anatomy books written in western languages were introduced into Japan and some Japanese had the eager to identify the real structures of human body. At last Yamawaki Toyo became the first dissector of human body in Japan(1754) and he made his own dissection records. In 1774 Sukita Kenpaku translated the Anatomy book of Kulmus into the classic Chinese. From that time on Japanese translated a lot of Anatomy books in western languages and they themselves wrote Anatomy books of their own.


Subject(s)
Anatomy/history , Dissection/history , English Abstract , Japan , Publishing/history , Translations , Western World
17.
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